Lady Gaga at the 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards | |
Born | March 28, 1986 (age 33) New York City, New York, U.S. |
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Occupation | |
Years active | 2001–present |
Net worth | US $275 million (February 2016 estimate) |
Awards | Full list |
Musical career | |
Genres | |
Instruments | |
Labels |
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Associated acts | |
Website | ladygaga.com |
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Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta[a] (born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She is known for her unconventionality, provocative work and visual experimentation. Gaga began performing as a teenager, singing at open mic nights and acting in school plays. She studied at Collaborative Arts Project 21, through New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, before dropping out to pursue a music career. When Def Jam Recordings canceled her contract, she worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing, where Akon helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own label KonLive Distribution in 2007. She rose to prominence the following year with her debut album, the electropop record The Fame, and its chart-topping singles 'Just Dance' and 'Poker Face'. A follow-up EP, The Fame Monster (2009), featuring the singles 'Bad Romance', 'Telephone' and 'Alejandro', was also successful.
Gaga's second full-length album, Born This Way (2011), explored electronic rock and techno-pop. It peaked atop the US Billboard 200 and sold more than one million copies in the country in its first week. Its title track became the fastest selling song on the iTunes Store with over a million downloads in less than a week. Gaga experimented with EDM on her third studio album, Artpop (2013), which reached number one in the US and included the single 'Applause'. Her collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett, Cheek to Cheek (2014), and her soft rock-influenced fifth studio album, Joanne (2016), also topped the US charts. During this period, Gaga ventured into acting, playing leading roles in the miniseries American Horror Story: Hotel (2015–2016), for which she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, and the critically acclaimed musical drama A Star Is Born (2018). She also contributed to the latter's soundtrack, which received the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music and made her the only woman to achieve five US number one albums in the 2010s. Its lead single, 'Shallow', earned Gaga the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
Having sold 27 million albums and 146 million singles as of January 2016, Gaga is one of the world's best-selling music artists. Her achievements include several Guinness world records, nine Grammy Awards, and awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America. She has been declared Billboard's Artist of the Year and Woman of the Year, and included among Forbes's power and earnings rankings. She was ranked number four on VH1's Greatest Women in Music in 2012 and second on Time's 2011 readers' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years. She is known for her philanthropy and social activism, including her work related to LGBT rights, and for her nonprofit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on empowering youth and preventing bullying.
- 1Life and career
- 2Artistry
- 4Activism
- 8Tours and residencies
- 12References
Life and career
1986–2005: Early life
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986 at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan, New York City,[1] to a Catholic family. Both of her parents have Italian ancestry, and she also has more distant French-Canadian roots.[2] Her parents are Cynthia Louise (née Bissett), a philanthropist and business executive, and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Germanotta,[3] and she has a younger sister, Natali.[4] Brought up in the Upper West Side of Manhattan, Gaga says that her parents came from lower-class families and worked hard for everything.[5][6] From age 11, she attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school.[7] Gaga described her high school self as 'very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined' but also 'a bit insecure'. She considered herself a misfit and was mocked for 'being either too provocative or too eccentric'.[8]
Gaga began playing the piano at age four when her mother insisted she become 'a cultured young woman'. She took piano lessons and practiced through her childhood. The lessons taught her to create music by ear, which she preferred over reading sheet music. Her parents encouraged her to pursue music, and enrolled her in Creative Arts Camp.[9] As a teenager, she played at open mic nights.[10] Gaga played the lead roles of Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum at Regis High School.[11] She also studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute for ten years.[12] Gaga unsuccessfully auditioned for New York shows, though she did appear in a small role as a high school student in a 2001 episode of The Sopranos titled 'The Telltale Moozadell'.[13][14] She later said of her inclination towards music:
I don't know exactly where my affinity for music comes from, but it is the thing that comes easiest to me. When I was like three years old, I may have been even younger, my mom always tells this really embarrassing story of me propping myself up and playing the keys like this because I was too young and short to get all the way up there. Just go like this on the low end of the piano .. I was really, really good at piano, so my first instincts were to work so hard at practicing piano, and I might not have been a natural dancer, but I am a natural musician. That is the thing that I believe I am the greatest at.[15]
In 2003, at age 17, Gaga gained early admission to Collaborative Arts Project 21, a music school at New York University (NYU)'s Tisch School of the Arts, and lived in an NYU dorm. She studied music there, and improved her songwriting skills by writing essays on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.[16][17] She withdrew from school during the second semester of her sophomore year, in 2005, to focus on her music career.[18] That year she also played an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[19]
In 2014, Gaga said she had been raped at 19, for which she underwent mental and physical therapy.[20] She has posttraumatic stress disorder that she attributes to the incident, and says that support from doctors, family and friends has helped her.[21]
2005–2007: Career beginnings
In 2005, Gaga recorded two songs with hip-hop singer Melle Mel for an audio book accompanying Cricket Casey's children's novel The Portal in the Park.[22] She also formed a band called the SGBand with some friends from NYU.[11][23] They played gigs around New York and became a fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.[11] After the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June, talent scout Wendy Starland recommended her to music producer Rob Fusari.[24] Fusari collaborated with Gaga, who traveled daily to New Jersey, helping to develop her songs and compose new material.[25] The producer said they began dating in May 2006, and claimed to have been the first person to call her 'Lady Gaga', which was derived from Queen's song 'Radio Ga Ga'.[26] Their relationship lasted until January 2007.[27]
Gaga performing at Lollapalooza in 2007
Fusari and Gaga established a company called Team Lovechild, LLC to promote her career.[26] They recorded and produced electropop tracks, sending them to music industry executives. Joshua Sarubin, the head of Artists and repertoire (A&R) at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and, after approval from Sarubin's boss Antonio 'L.A.' Reid, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006.[28][29] She was dropped from the label three months later[30] and returned to her family home for Christmas. She began performing at neo-burlesque shows, which according to her represented freedom.[31] During this time, she met performance artistLady Starlight, who helped mold her onstage persona.[32] The pair began performing at downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece, known as 'Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue' and billed as 'The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow', was a tribute to 1970s variety acts.[33][34] They performed at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival.[33]
Having initially focused on avant-gardeelectronic dance music, Gaga began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock style of David Bowie and Queen into her songs. While Gaga and Starlight were performing, Fusari continued to develop the songs he had created with her, sending them to the producer and record executiveVincent Herbert.[35] In November 2007, Herbert signed Gaga to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, established that month.[36] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her.[37] Having served as an apprentice songwriter during an internship at Famous Music Publishing, Gaga struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV. As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears, New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and The Pussycat Dolls.[38] At Interscope, musician Akon was impressed with her singing abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.[39] Akon convinced Jimmy Iovine, chairman and CEO of Interscope Geffen A&M, to form a joint deal by having Gaga also sign with his own label KonLive, making her his 'franchise player'.[30][40]
In late 2007, Gaga met with songwriter and producer RedOne.[41] She collaborated with him in the recording studio for a week on her debut album, signing with Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum; she also wrote four songs with Kierszenbaum.[38] Despite securing a record deal, she said that some radio stations found her music too 'racy', 'dance-oriented', and 'underground' for the mainstream market, to which she replied: 'My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next.'[7]
2008–2010: Breakthrough with The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album, The Fame, and to set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.[42][43]The Fame was released on August 19, 2008,[44] and reached number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK, as well as the top five in Australia and the US.[45][46] Its first two singles, 'Just Dance' and 'Poker Face',[47] reached number one in the United States,[48] Australia,[49] Canada[50] and the UK.[51] The latter was also the world's best-selling single of 2009, with 9.8 million copies sold that year, and spent a record 83 weeks on Billboard magazine's Digital Songs chart.[52][53] Three other singles, 'Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)', 'LoveGame' and 'Paparazzi', were released from the album;[54] the last one reached number one in Germany.[55] Remixed versions of the singles from The Fame, except 'Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)', were included on Hitmixes in August 2009.[56] At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, The Fame and 'Poker Face' won Best Dance/Electronica Album and Best Dance Recording, respectively.[57]
Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010. It grossed $227 million and became the highest-grossing concert tour for a debut headlining artist.[58]
Following her opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' 2009 Doll Domination Tour in Europe and Oceania, Gaga headlined her worldwide The Fame Ball Tour, which ran from March to September 2009.[59] While traveling the globe, she wrote eight songs for The Fame Monster, a reissue of The Fame.[60] Those new songs were also released as a standalone EP on November 18, 2009.[61] Its first single, 'Bad Romance', was released one month earlier[62] and went number one in Canada[50] and the UK,[51] and number two in the US,[48] Australia[63] and New Zealand.[64] 'Telephone', with Beyoncé, followed as the second single from the EP and became Gaga's fourth UK number one.[65][66] Its third single was 'Alejandro',[67] which reached number one in Finland[68] and attracted controversy when its music video was deemed blasphemous by the Catholic League.[69] Both tracks reached the top five in the US.[48] The video for 'Bad Romance' became the most watched on YouTube in April 2010, and that October, Gaga became the first person with more than one billion combined views.[70][71] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, she won eight awards from 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for 'Bad Romance'.[72] She was the most nominated artist for a single year, and the first female to receive two nominations for Video of the Year at the same ceremony.[73]The Fame Monster won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album, and 'Bad Romance' won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.[74]
In 2009, Gaga spent a record 150 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and became the most downloaded female act in a year in the US, with 11.1 million downloads sold, earning an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records.[75][76]The Fame and The Fame Monster together have since sold more than 15 million copies worldwide.[77][78] This success allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, and release The Remix, her final record with Cherrytree Records[79] and among the best-selling remix albums of all time.[80][81] The Monster Ball Tour ran from November 2009 to May 2011 and grossed $227.4 million, making it the highest-grossing concert tour for a debut headlining artist.[58][82] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for an HBO television special, Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden.[83] Gaga also performed songs from her albums at the 2009 Royal Variety Performance, the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, and the 2010 BRIT Awards.[84] Before Michael Jackson's death, Gaga was set to take part in his canceled This Is It concert series at the O2 Arena in the UK.[85]
During this era, Gaga ventured into business, collaborating with consumer electronics company Monster Cable Products to create in-ear, jewel-encrusted headphones called Heartbeats by Lady Gaga.[86] She also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their creative director and announced a suite of photo-capture products called Grey Label.[87][88] Her collaboration with her past record producer and ex-boyfriend Rob Fusari led to a lawsuit against her production team, Mermaid Music LLC.[b] At this time, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms and hoped to maintain a healthy lifestyle.[91][92]
2011–2014: Born This Way, Artpop, and Cheek to Cheek
In February 2011, Gaga released 'Born This Way', the lead single from her studio album of the same name. The song sold more than one million copies within five days, earning the Guinness World Record for the fastest selling single on iTunes.[93] It debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[94] Its second single 'Judas' followed two months later,[95] and 'The Edge of Glory' served as its third single.[96] Both reached the top 10 in the US and the UK.[48][51] Her music video for 'The Edge of Glory', unlike her previous work, portrays her dancing on a fire escape and walking on a lonely street, without intricate choreography and back-up dancers.[97]
Gaga promoting Born This Way with performances in Sydney, Australia
Born This Way was released on May 23, 2011,[95] and debuted atop the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 1.1 million copies.[98] The album sold eight million copies worldwide and received three Grammy nominations, including Gaga's third consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.[99][100]Born This Way's following singles were 'You and I' and 'Marry the Night',[101] which reached numbers six and 29 in the US, respectively.[48] While filming the former's music video, Gaga met and started dating actor Taylor Kinney in July 2011, who played her love interest.[102][103] She also embarked on the Born This Way Ball tour in April 2012, which was scheduled to conclude the following March, but ended one month earlier when Gaga canceled the remaining dates due to a labral tear of her right hip that required surgery.[104] While refunds for the cancellations were estimated to be worth $25 million,[105] the tour grossed a total of $183.9 million globally.[106]
In 2011, Gaga also worked with Tony Bennett on a jazz version of 'The Lady Is a Tramp',[107] with Elton John on 'Hello Hello' for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet,[108] and with The Lonely Island and Justin Timberlake on '3-Way (The Golden Rule)'.[109] She also performed a concert at the Sydney Town Hall in Australia that year to promote Born This Way and to celebrate former US President Bill Clinton's 65th birthday.[110] In November, she was featured in a Thanksgiving television special titled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving, which attracted 5.7 million American viewers and spawned the release of her fourth EP, A Very Gaga Holiday.[111] In 2012, Gaga guest-starred as an animated version of herself in an episode of The Simpsons called 'Lisa Goes Gaga',[112] appeared in the documentary films The Zen of Bennett and Katy Perry: Part of Me,[113][114] and released her first fragrance, Lady Gaga Fame, followed by a second one, Eau de Gaga, in 2014.[c]
Gaga began work on her third studio album, Artpop, in early 2012, during the Born This Way Ball tour; she crafted the album to mirror 'a night at the club'.[117][118][119] In August 2013, Gaga released the album's lead single 'Applause',[120] which reached number one in Hungary, number four in the US, and number five in the UK.[51][48][121] A lyric video for Artpop track 'Aura' followed in October to accompany Robert Rodriguez's Machete Kills, where she plays an assassin named La Chameleon.[122] The film received generally negative reviews and earned less than half of its $33 million budget.[123][124] The second Artpop single, 'Do What U Want', featured singer R. Kelly and was released later that month,[125] topping the charts in Hungary and reaching number 13 in the US.[48][126] Gaga removed the song from all streaming platforms in 2019 in the light of allegations made against Kelly sexually abusing several women; Gaga apologized for ever collaborating with him.[127]Artpop was released in November 2013 to mixed reviews.[128] Helen Brown in The Daily Telegraph criticized Gaga for making another album about her fame and doubted the record's originality, but found it 'great for dancing'.[129] The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, and sold more than 2.5 million copies worldwide as of July 2014.[130][131] 'G.U.Y.' was released as the third single in March 2014 and peaked at number 76 in the US.[48][132]
With the Cheek to Cheek era, Gaga (seen here performing on the Cheek to Cheek Tour) ushered in an overhaul of her image.[133]
Gaga hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live in November 2013, performing 'Do What U Want' (with Kelly) and an album cut, 'Gypsy'.[134] After holding her second Thanksgiving Day television special on ABC, Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular, she performed a special rendition of 'Do What U Want' with Christina Aguilera on the fifth season of the American reality talent show The Voice.[135][136] In March 2014, Gaga had a seven-day concert residency commemorating the last performance at New York's Roseland Ballroom before its closure.[137] Two months later, she embarked on the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour, building on concepts from her ArtRave promotional event. Earning $83 million, the tour included cities canceled from the Born This Way Ball tour itinerary.[138] In the meantime, Gaga split from longtime manager Troy Carter over 'creative differences',[139] and by June 2014, she and new manager Bobby Campbell joined Artist Nation, the artist management division of Live Nation Entertainment.[140] She briefly appeared in Rodriguez's Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, and was confirmed as Versace's spring-summer 2014 face with a campaign called 'Lady Gaga For Versace'.[141][142]
In September 2014, Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek. The inspiration behind the album came from her friendship with Bennett, and fascination with jazz music since her childhood.[143] Before the album was released, it produced the singles 'Anything Goes' and 'I Can't Give You Anything but Love'.[144]Cheek to Cheek received generally favorable reviews;[145]The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan praised Gaga's vocals and Howard Reich of the Chicago Tribune wrote that 'Cheek to Cheek serves up the real thing, start to finish'.[146][147] The record was Gaga's third consecutive number-one album on the Billboard 200,[148] and won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.[149] The duo recorded the concert special Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!,[150] and embarked on the Cheek to Cheek Tour from December 2014 to August 2015.[151]
2015–2017: American Horror Story, Joanne, and Super Bowl performances
In February 2015, Gaga became engaged to Taylor Kinney.[152] After Artpop's lukewarm response, Gaga began to redo her image and style. According to Billboard, this shift started with the release of Cheek to Cheek and the attention she received for her performance at the 87th Academy Awards, where she sang a medley of songs from The Sound of Music in a tribute to Julie Andrews.[133] Considered one of her best performances by Billboard, it triggered more than 214,000 interactions per minute globally on Facebook.[153][154] She and Diane Warren co-wrote the song 'Til It Happens to You' for the documentary The Hunting Ground, which earned them the Satellite Award for Best Original Song and an Academy Award nomination in the same category.[155] Gaga won BillboardWoman of the Year and Contemporary Icon Award at the 2015 Annual Songwriters Hall of Fame Awards.[156][157]
Gaga had spent much of her early life wanting to be an actress, and achieved her goal when she starred in American Horror Story: Hotel.[158] Running from October 2015 to January 2016, Hotel is the fifth season of the television anthology horror series, American Horror Story, in which Gaga played a hotel owner named Elizabeth.[159][160] At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards, Gaga received the Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film award for her work on the season.[158] She appeared in Nick Knight's 2015 fashion film for Tom Ford's 2016 spring campaign[161] and was guest editor for V fashion magazine's 99th issue in January 2016, which featured 16 different covers.[162] She received Editor of the Year award at the Fashion Los Angeles Awards.[163]
Gaga performing on the Joanne World Tour in 2017
In 2016, Gaga sang the US national anthem in February at Super Bowl 50,[164] partnered with Intel and Nile Rodgers for a tribute performance to the late David Bowie at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards,[165] and sang 'Til It Happens to You' at the 88th Academy Awards, where she was introduced by Joe Biden and was accompanied on-stage by 50 people who had suffered from sexual assault.[166] She was honored that April with the Artist Award at the Jane Ortner Education Awards by The Grammy Museum, which recognizes artists who have demonstrated passion and dedication to education through the arts.[167] Her engagement to Taylor Kinney ended in July; she later said her career had interfered with their relationship.[168]
Gaga played a witch named Scathach in American Horror Story: Roanoke, the series' sixth season,[169] which ran from September to November 2016.[170][171] Her role in the fifth season of the show ultimately influenced her future music, prompting her to feature 'the art of darkness'.[172] In September 2016, she released her fifth album's lead single, 'Perfect Illusion', which topped the charts in France and reached number 15 in the US.[173][174][175] The album, titled Joanne, was named after Gaga's late aunt, who was an inspiration for the music.[176] It was released on October 21, 2016, and became Gaga's fourth number one album on the Billboard 200, making her the first woman to reach the US chart's summit four times in the 2010s.[177] The album's second single, 'Million Reasons', followed the next month and reached number four in the US.[175][178] She later released a piano version of the album's title track in 2018,[179] which won a Grammy for Best Pop Solo Performance.[180] To promote the album, Gaga embarked on the three-date Dive Bar Tour.[181]
Gaga performed as the headlining act during the Super Bowl LI halftime show on February 5, 2017. Her performance featured a group of hundreds of lighted drones forming various shapes in the sky above Houston's NRG Stadium—the first time robotic aircraft appeared in a Super Bowl program.[182] It attracted 117.5 million viewers in the United States, exceeding the game's total of 113.3 million viewers.[183] The performance led to a surge of 410,000 song downloads in the United States for Gaga and earned her an Emmy nomination in the Outstanding Special Class Program category.[184][185]CBS Sports included her performance as the second best in the history of Super Bowl halftime shows.[186] In April, Gaga headlined the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.[187] She also released a standalone-single, 'The Cure', which reached the top 10 in Australia.[188][189] In August, Gaga began the Joanne World Tour, which she announced after the Super Bowl LI halftime show.[190] Gaga's creation of Joanne and preparation for her halftime show performance were featured in the documentary Gaga: Five Foot Two, which premiered on Netflix in September.[191] Throughout the film, she was seen suffering from chronic pain, which was later revealed to be the effect of a long-term condition called fibromyalgia.[192] It resulted in Gaga canceling the last ten shows of the Joanne World Tour, which ultimately grossed $95 million from 842,000 tickets sold.[193][194]
2018–present: A Star Is Born, Enigma, and upcoming sixth studio album
Gaga at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival prior to the screening of A Star Is Born
In March 2018, Gaga supported the March for Our Lives gun-control rally in Washington, D.C.,[195] and released a cover of Elton John's 'Your Song' for his tribute album Revamp.[196] Later that year, she starred as a struggling singer named Ally in Bradley Cooper's critically acclaimed musical romantic drama A Star Is Born, a remake of the 1937 film of the same name. The film follows Ally's relationship with singer Jackson Maine (played by Cooper), which becomes strained after her career begins to overshadow his.[197] Cooper approached Gaga after seeing her perform at a cancer research fundraiser; a fan of Cooper's work, Gaga agreed to the project due to its portrayal of addiction and depression.[198][199]A Star Is Born premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival in August 2018, and was released worldwide in October.[200]Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian described it as 'outrageously watchable' and wrote that 'Gaga's ability to be part ordinary person, part extraterrestrial celebrity empress functions at the highest level'.[201]Time'sStephanie Zacharek similarly highlighted her 'knockout performance' and found her 'charismatic' without her usual makeup, wigs and costumes.[202] Alongside her nominations for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild for Best Actress, Gaga received the Critics' Choice and National Board of Review awards for the role.[203]
Gaga and Cooper co-wrote and produced most of the songs on the soundtrack for A Star Is Born, which she insisted they perform live in the film.[204] Its lead single, 'Shallow', performed by the two, was released in September[205] and has reached number one in various nations including Australia, the UK and the US.[206] The song earned Gaga an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Original Song,[203] as well as the Grammys for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media.[180] The soundtrack contains 34 tracks, including 19 original songs, and received generally positive reviews;[207] Mark Kennedy of The Washington Post called it a 'five-star marvel' and Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian termed it an 'instant classics full of Gaga's emotional might'.[208][209] Gaga received a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music for her work on the album.[210] Commercially, the soundtrack debuted at number one in the US, making Gaga the only woman with five US number one albums in the 2010s, and breaking her tie with Taylor Swift as the most for any female artist this decade.[211] It additionally topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland and the UK.[212] As of June 2019, the soundtrack had sold over six million copies worldwide.[213] In October, Gaga announced her engagement to talent agent Christian Carino whom she had met in early 2017.[214] They ended the engagement in February 2019.[215]
Gaga signed a two-year residency, named Lady Gaga Enigma, to perform at the MGM Park Theater in Las Vegas.[216] The residency consists of two types of shows: Enigma, which focuses on theatricality and includes the singer's biggest hits,[217] and Jazz and Piano, which involves tracks from the Great American Songbook and stripped-down versions of Gaga's songs. The Enigma residency show opened in December 2018 and the Jazz and Piano in January 2019, with the residency due to last until May 2020.[218][219] Gaga will launch her first makeup line, Haus Laboratories, in September 2019 exclusively on Amazon. The line will consist of makeup kits that combine lip gloss, lip liner, and all-over color.[220][221][222] She has also started working on her sixth studio album,[223] and was seen in recording studios with producers like Boys Noize, DJ White Shadow, BloodPop, and Sophie.[224][225]
Artistry
Influences
Musicians such as Madonna and David Bowie have influenced Gaga.
Gaga grew up listening to artists such as Michael Jackson, the Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, Mariah Carey, the Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin, Whitney Houston, Elton John, Blondie and Garbage,[226][227] who have all influenced her music.[228][229] Gaga's musical inspiration varies from dance-pop singers such as Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists such as David Bowie and Freddie Mercury, as well as the theatrics of the pop artist Andy Warhol and her own performance roots in musical theater.[30][230] She has been compared to Madonna, who has said that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.[231] Gaga says that she wants to revolutionize pop music as Madonna has.[232] Gaga has also cited heavy metal bands as an influence, including Iron Maiden and Black Sabbath.[233][234] She credits Beyoncé as a key inspiration to pursue a musical career.[235]
Gaga was inspired by her mother to be interested in fashion, which she now says is a major influence and integrated with her music.[18][236] Stylistically, Gaga has been compared to Leigh Bowery, Isabella Blow, and Cher;[237][238] she once commented that as a child, she absorbed Cher's fashion sense and made it her own.[238] She considers Donatella Versace her muse and the British fashion designer Alexander McQueen as an inspiration.[91][239] In turn, Versace calls Lady Gaga 'the fresh Donatella'.[240] Gaga has also been influenced by Princess Diana, whom she has admired since her childhood.[241]
Gaga has called the Indian alternative medicine advocate Deepak Chopra a 'true inspiration',[242] and has also quoted Indian leader Osho's book Creativity on Twitter. Gaga says she was influenced by Osho's work in valuing rebellion through creativity and equality.[243]
Musical style and themes
Critics have analyzed and scrutinized Gaga's musical and performance style, as she has experimented with new ideas and images throughout her career. She says the continual reinvention is 'liberating' herself, which she has been drawn to since childhood.[244] Gaga is a contralto with a range spanning from B♭2 to B5.[245][246][247] She has changed her vocal style regularly, and considers Born This Way 'much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of'.[248][249] In summing up her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote: 'There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power.'[250]
Gaga's songs have been called 'depthless' by writer Camille Paglia in The Sunday Times,[251] but according to Evan Sawdey of PopMatters, she 'does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace'.[252] Gaga believes that 'all good music can be played on a piano and still sound like a hit'.[253]Simon Reynolds wrote in 2010, 'Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats.'[254]
Gaga's songs have covered a wide variety of concepts; The Fame discusses the lust for stardom, while the follow-up The Fame Monster expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. The Fame is an electropop and dance-pop album that has influences of 1980s pop and 1990s Europop,[255] whereas The Fame Monster displays Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on 'Seventies arena glam, perky ABBAdisco, and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q'.[256]Born This Way has lyrics in English, French, German, and Spanish and features themes common to Gaga's controversial songwriting such as sex, love, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom, and individualism.[257] The album explores new genres, such as electronic rock and techno.[258]
The themes in Artpop revolve around Gaga's personal views of fame, love, sex, feminism, self-empowerment, overcoming addiction, and reactions to media scrutiny.[259]Billboard describes Artpop as 'coherently channeling R&B, techno, disco and rock music'.[260] With Cheek to Cheek, Gaga dabbled in the jazz genre.[261]Joanne, exploring the genres of country, funk, pop, dance, rock, electronic music and folk, was influenced by her personal life.[262]A Star Is Born contains elements of blues rock, country and bubblegum pop.[208]Billboard says its lyrics are about wanting change, its struggle, love, romance, and bonding, describing the music as 'timeless, emotional, gritty and earnest. They sound like songs written by artists who, quite frankly, are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener.'[263]
Videos and stage
Gaga during a 'blood stained' performance in 2010
Featuring constant costume changes and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[264] The video for 'Telephone' earned Gaga the Guinness World Record for Most Product Placement in a Video.[265] According to author Curtis Fogel, she explores bondage and sadomasochism and highlights prevalent feminist themes. The main themes of her music videos are sex, violence, and power. She calls herself 'a little bit of a feminist' and asserts that she is 'sexually empowering women'.[266]
Gaga has called herself a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows.[267] Her performances have been described as 'highly entertaining and innovative';[268] the blood-spurting performance of 'Paparazzi' at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as 'eye-popping' by MTV News.[269] She continued the blood-soaked theme during The Monster Ball Tour, causing protests in England from family groups and fans in the aftermath of the Cumbria shootings, in which a taxi driver had killed 12 people, then himself.[270] At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga appeared in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivered a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song 'You and I'.[271] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years before she was replaced by her assistant Richard Jackson in 2014.[272]
In an article for Billboard by Rebecca Schiller in October 2018, the author traced back Gaga's videography from 'Just Dance' till the release of A Star Is Born. Schiller noted how, following the Artpop era, Gaga's stripped-down approach to music was reflected in the clips for the singles from Joanne, taking the example of the music video of lead single 'Perfect Illusion' where the singer '[ditched] the elaborate outfits for shorts and a tee-shirt as she performed the song at a desert party'. It continued with her performances in the film as well as her stage persona.[273]
Public image
In 2010, eight wax figures of Gaga were installed at the museum Madame Tussauds.[274]
Public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense, and persona is polarized. Because of her influence on modern culture, and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has offered a course titled 'Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame' since early 2011 with the objective of unraveling 'some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga'.[275] When Gaga met briefly with then-president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he found the interaction 'intimidating' as she was dressed in 16-inch heels, making her the tallest woman in the room.[276] When interviewed by Barbara Walters for her annual ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is intersex as an urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she expressed her fondness for androgyny.[277] In a 2010 Sunday Times article, Camille Paglia called Gaga 'more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those'.[278]
Gaga's outlandish fashion sense has also served as an important aspect of her character.[237][239] During her early career, members of the media compared her fashion choices to those of Christina Aguilera.[239] In 2011, 121 women gathered at the Grammy Awards dressed in costumes similar to those worn by Gaga, earning the 2011 Guinness World Record for Largest Gathering of Lady Gaga Impersonators.[93] The Global Language Monitor named 'Lady Gaga' as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark 'no pants' a close third.[279]Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade 'best-of' list, saying that she 'brought performance art into the mainstream'.[280]
Time placed Gaga on their All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List, stating: 'Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits .. [Gaga] has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat.'[281] Gaga wore a dress made of raw beef to the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, which was supplemented by boots, a purse, and a hat also made out of raw beef.[282] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 and Time named the dress the Fashion Statement of the year.[283][284] It attracted the attention of worldwide media; the animal rights organization PETA found it offensive.[285] The meat dress was displayed at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in 2012,[286] and entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in September 2015.[287]
Gaga's fans call her 'Mother Monster', and she often refers to them as 'Little Monsters', a phrase which she had tattooed on herself in dedication.[288] In his article 'Lady Gaga Pioneered Online Fandom Culture As We Know It' for Vice, Jake Hall wrote that Gaga inspired several subsequent fan-branding, such as those of Taylor Swift, Rihanna and Justin Bieber.[289] In July 2012, Gaga also co-founded the social networking service LittleMonsters.com, devoted to her fans.[290] According to Guinness World Records, Gaga was the most followed person on Twitter in 2011, as well as the most followed female pop singer and the most powerful popstar in 2014.[93][291]Forbes included Gaga on its Celebrity 100 from 2010 to 2015 and then from 2018 to 2019 and its list of the World's Most Powerful Women from 2010 to 2014.[292][293] She earned $62 million, $90 million, $52 million, $80 million, $33 million, and $59 million from 2010 through 2015, and $50 million and $39 million in 2018 and 2019, respectively.[294][295] She was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2010[296] and 2019,[297] and ranked second in most influential people of the past ten years in a Time magazine readers' poll in 2013.[298] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked fourth on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011 with earnings of $25 million, which included sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[299] The following year, she topped Forbes' List of Top-Earning Celebs Under 30,[295] and in February 2016, the magazine estimated Gaga's net worth to be $275 million.[300]
Activism
Philanthropy
After declining an invitation to appear on the single 'We Are the World 25' (because of rehearsals for her tour) to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Gaga donated the proceeds of her January 2010 Radio City Music Hall concert to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[301] All profits from her online store that day were also donated, and Gaga announced that $500,000 was collected for the fund.[302] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, Gaga tweeted a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts;[303] these raised $1.5 million.[304] In June 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.[305]
In 2012, Gaga joined the campaign group Artists Against Fracking.[306] That October, Yoko Ono gave Gaga and four other activists the LennonOno Grant for Peace in Reykjavík, Iceland.[307] The following month, Gaga pledged to donate $1 million to the American Red Cross to help the victims of Hurricane Sandy. Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam.[308] Sales have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[309]
In April 2016, Gaga joined Vice President Joe Biden at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas to support Biden's It's On Us campaign as he traveled to colleges on behalf of the organization, which has seen 250,000 students from more than 530 colleges sign a pledge of solidarity and activism.[310] Two months later, Gaga attended the 84th Annual US Conference of Mayors in Indianapolis where she joined with the Dalai Lama to talk about the power of kindness and how to make the world a more compassionate place.[311] Due to her meeting with Dalai Lama, the Chinese government added Gaga to a list of hostile foreign forces, and Chinese websites and media organizations were ordered to stop uploading or distributing her songs. The Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China (CCPPD) also issued an order for state-controlled media to condemn this meeting.[312]
Born This Way Foundation
Gaga during an event for the Born This Way Foundation in Europe, 2013
In 2012, Gaga launched the Born This Way Foundation (BTWF), a non-profit organization that focuses on youth empowerment. It takes its name from her 2011 single and album. Media proprietor Oprah Winfrey, writer Deepak Chopra, and US Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius spoke at the foundation's inauguration at Harvard University.[313] The foundation's original funding included $1.2 million from Gaga, $500,000 from the MacArthur Foundation, and $850,000 from Barneys New York.[314] In July 2012, the BTWF partnered with Office Depot, which donated 25% of the sales, a minimum of $1 million of a series of limited edition back-to-school products.[315] The foundation's initiatives have included the 'Born Brave Bus' that followed her on tour as a youth drop-in center as an initiative against bullying.[316][317]
In October 2015, at the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Gaga joined 200 high school students, policy makers, and academic officials, including Peter Salovey, to discuss ways to recognize and channel emotions for positive outcomes.[318] In 2016, the foundation partnered with Intel, Vox Media, and Re/code to fight online harassment.[319] The sales revenue of the 99th issue of the V magazine, which featured Gaga and Kinney, was donated to the foundation.[162] Gaga and Elton John released the clothing and accessories line Love Bravery at Macy's in May. 25% of each purchase support Gaga's foundation and the Elton John AIDS Foundation.[320] Gaga partnered with Starbucks for a week in June 2017 with the 'Cups of Kindness' campaign, where the company donated 25 cents from some of the beverages sold to the foundation.[321] She also appeared in a video by Staples Inc. to raise funds for the foundation and DonorsChoose.org.[322]
On the 2018 World Kindness Day, Gaga partnered with the foundation to bring food and relief to a Red Cross shelter for people who have been forced to evacuate homes due to the California wildfires. The foundation also partnered with Starbucks and SoulCycle to thank California firefighters for their relief work during the crisis. The singer had to previously evacuate her own home during the Woolsey Fire which spread through parts of Malibu.[323]
In March 2019, she penned a letter to supporters of the Born This Way Foundation, announcing the launch of a new pilot program for a teen mental health first aid project with the National Council for Behavioral Health. Gaga revealed her personal struggles with mental health in her letter and how she was able to get support which saved her life: “I know what it means to have someone support me and understand what I’m going through, and every young person in the world should have someone to turn to when they’re hurting. It saved my life, and it will save theirs.”[324][325]
LGBT advocacy
Gaga speaking against 'don't ask, don't tell' in Portland, Maine (2010)
As a bisexual woman,[d] Gaga actively supports LGBT rights worldwide.[326] She attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered a gay icon.[327][328] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, 'The turning point for me was the gay community.'[329] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame.[330] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo.[331]
Gaga spoke at the 2009 National Equality March in Washington in support of the LGBT movement.[332] She attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four gay and lesbian former members of the United States Armed Forces who had been unable to serve openly under the US military's 'don't ask, don't tell' policy, which banned open homosexuality in the military.[333] Gaga urged her fans via YouTube to contact their senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In September 2010, she spoke at a Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's rally in Portland, Maine. Following this event, The Advocate named her a 'fierce advocate' for gays and lesbians.[334] Gaga appeared at Europride, an international event dedicated to LGBT pride, in Rome in June 2011. She criticized the poor state of gay rights in many European countries and described gay people as 'revolutionaries of love'.[335] Gaga was ordained as a minister by the Universal Life Church Monastery so that she could officiate the wedding of two female friends.[336]
In June 2016, during a vigil held in Los Angeles for victims of the attack at the gay nightclub Pulse in Orlando, Gaga read aloud the names of the 49 people killed in the attack, and gave a speech.[337] Later that month, Gaga appeared in Human Rights Campaign's tribute video to the victims of the attack.[338] She has opposed the presidency of Donald Trump and deplored his military transgender ban.[339][340] She supported former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for president in 2016.[341] In 2018, a leaked memo from Trump's office revealed that his administration wanted to change the legal definition of sex in order to exclude transgender Americans. Gaga was one of the many celebrities to call him out and spread the #WontBeErased campaign to her 77 million Twitter followers.[342][343] In January 2019, during one of her Enigma shows, she called out Vice President Mike Pence for his wife Karen Pence working at a school where LGBTQ people are turned away.[344]
Impact
Gaga performing on the ArtRave: The Artpop Ball tour in 2014
Gaga was named the 'Queen of Pop' in a 2011 ranking by Rolling Stone (based on record sales and social media metrics), and she ranked fourth in VH1's Greatest Women in Music in 2012.[345][346] In 2012, she became a feature of a temporary exhibition The Elevated. From the Pharaoh to Lady Gaga marking the 150th anniversary of the National Museum in Warsaw.[347]
Gaga has been often regarded as a trailblazer for sometimes utilizing controversy to bring attention to various issues.[348][349] Because of The Fame's success—it was listed as one of the 100 Greatest Debut Albums of All-Time by Rolling Stone in 2013[350]—Gaga is acknowledged as one of the artists who propelled the rise in the popularity of synthpop in the late 2000s and early 2010s.[351] Scott Hardy, Polaroid's CEO, has praised Gaga for inspiring her fans and for her close interactions with them on social media.[352]
According to Kelefa Sanneh of The New Yorker, 'Lady Gaga blazed a trail for truculent pop stars by treating her own celebrity as an evolving art project.'[353] Including Born This Way as one of the 50 best female albums of all time, Rolling Stone'sRob Sheffield considers it 'hard to remember a world where we didn't have Gaga, although we're pretty sure it was a lot more boring'.[354] In 2015, Time also noted that Gaga had 'practically invented the current era of pop music as spectacle'.[355] Her work has influenced artists including Miley Cyrus,[356]Nicki Minaj,[357]Ellie Goulding,[358]Halsey,[359]Nick Jonas,[360]Sam Smith,[361]Noah Cyrus,[362]Katherine Langford,[363]MGMT,[364] and Greyson Chance.[365]
A new genus of ferns, Gaga, and two species, G. germanotta and G. monstraparva, have been named in her honor. The name monstraparva alluded to Gaga's fans, known as 'little monsters', since their symbol is the outstretched 'monster claw' hand, which resembles a tightly rolled young fern leaf prior to unfurling.[366] Gaga also has an extinct mammal, Gagadon minimonstrum,[367] and a parasitic wasp, Aleiodes gaga, named for her.[368][369]
Achievements
Gaga has won nine Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, three Brit Awards,[370] two Golden Globe Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, several Guinness World Records, and the inaugural Songwriters Hall of Fame's Contemporary Icon Award.[157] She received a National Arts Awards' Young Artist Award, which honors individuals who have shown accomplishments and leadership early in their career,[371] and she won the Jane Ortner Artist Award from the Grammy Museum in 2016.[167] Gaga has also been recognized by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) with the Fashion Icon lifetime achievement award,[372] and was a finalist for The Advocate's Person of the Year in 2016.[373] In 2019, she became the first person to win an Academy, a Grammy, a BAFTA and a Golden Globe Award in one year for her contribution to A Star Is Born's soundtrack.[374]
Gaga is one of the best-selling music artists with estimated sales of 27 million albums and 146 million singles as of January 2016. Some of her singles are also among the best-selling worldwide.[375] She has grossed more than $512.3 million in revenue from her concert tours and residencies, becoming the fifth woman to pass the half-billion total as reported to Billboard Boxscore.[140][376] Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010).[377] Named Woman of the Year in 2015,[156] she is the 11th top digital singles artist in the US with a total of 61 million equivalent units certified according to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[378] She became the first woman to receive the Digital Diamond Award certification from RIAA, is one of three artists with at least two Diamond certified songs ('Bad Romance' and 'Poker Face'),[379][380] and is the first and only artist to have two songs pass 7 million downloads ('Poker Face' and 'Just Dance').[381]
Discography
Studio albums
Lagu Project Ear Southeast Asia
- The Fame (2008, reissued in 2009 as The Fame Monster)
- Born This Way (2011)
- Artpop (2013)
- Cheek to Cheek (with Tony Bennett) (2014)
- Joanne (2016)
Soundtrack albums
- A Star Is Born (with Bradley Cooper) (2018)
Tours and residencies
Headlining concerts
- The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
- The Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011)
- Born This Way Ball (2012–2013)
- ArtRave: The Artpop Ball (2014)
- Cheek to Cheek Tour (with Tony Bennett) (2014–2015)
- Joanne World Tour (2017–2018)
Promotional concerts
- ArtRave (2013)
- Dive Bar Tour (2016)
Concert residencies
- Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (2014)
- Lady Gaga Enigma (2018–2020)
Filmography
- The Zen of Bennett (2012)
- Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012)
- Machete Kills (2013)
- Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
- Sin City: A Dame to Kill For (2014)
- Gaga: Five Foot Two (2017)
- A Star Is Born (2018)
See also
Notes
- ^/ˈstɛfəniˌdʒɜːrməˈnɒtə/STEF-ən-ee JUR-mə-NOT-ə
- ^In 2010, Fusari claimed he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings, but the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a counter-suit by Gaga.[89][90]
- ^Both of the fragrances were released in association with Coty, Inc.[115][116]
- ^Gaga says that the song 'Poker Face' was about her bisexuality, and she openly speaks about how her past boyfriends were uncomfortable with her sexual orientation.[27]
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- ^Ziegbe, Mawuse (October 29, 2010). 'Nicki Minaj Open To Lady Gaga Collaboration'. MTV News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^Still, Jennifer (May 13, 2011). 'Ellie Goulding: 'I'm influenced by everyone''. Digital Spy. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
- ^Redfearn, Dominique (October 18, 2016). 'Watch Halsey Geek Out to Lady Gaga Tweeting Her'. Billboard. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ^Hailey, Jonathan (February 5, 2016). 'Nick Jonas Talks Lady Gaga Inspiration and New Album'. Radio.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^Doyle, Patrick (February 2, 2015). 'Lady Gaga's Advice to Sam Smith: 'Suffer for Your Art''. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^Spanos, Brittany (December 14, 2016). 'Noah Cyrus on What Miley Taught Her, Emotional Debut Single'. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^Highfill, Samantha (April 3, 2017). '13 Reasons Why: Get to know series star Katherine Langford'. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
- ^Moreno, Chino (January 25, 2010). 'MGMT's new album influenced by Lady Gaga and Kanye West'. NME. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
- ^Moreno, Chino (July 26, 2010). 'Lady Gaga Devotee Greyson Chance Finally Meets His 'Paparazzi' Idol'. AccessOnline. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
- ^Fay-Wei Li; Kathleen M. Pryer; Michael D. Windham (2012). 'Gaga, a new fern genus segregated from Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae)'. Systematic Botany. 37 (4): 845–860. doi:10.1600/036364412X656626.
- ^Stucky, Richard K.; Covert, Herbert H. (2014). 'A new genus and species of early Eocene (Ypresian) Artiodactyla (Mammalia), Gagadon minimonstrum, from Bitter Creek, Wyoming, U.S.A.'. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (3): 731–736. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.827580.
- ^Wheeler, Quentin D. (September 16, 2012). 'New to Nature No 84: Aleiodes gaga'. The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ^Areekul Butcher, Buntika; Smith, M. Alex; Sharkey, Mike J.; Quicke, Donald L.J. (2012). 'A turbo-taxonomic study of Thai Aleiodes (Aleiodes) and Aleiodes (Arcaleiodes)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) based largely on COI barcoded specimens, with rapid descriptions of 179 new species'(PDF). Zootaxa. 3457: 1–232. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^Singh, Anita (February 16, 2010). 'Brit Awards 2010: Lady Gaga wins a hat-trick of prizes'. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
- ^'Sophia Loren, Lady Gaga, Herbie Hancock, Joan and Irwin Jacobs, Alice Walton, Maria Bell to Be Honored on October 19th'. Americans for the Arts. October 6, 2015. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
- ^'Lady Gaga Honored As Style Icon at CFDA Awards'. Billboard. June 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
- ^'Person of the Year: The Finalists'. The Advocate. November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
- ^Close, Paris (February 24, 2019). 'With Her First Oscar Win, Lady Gaga Sets An Incredible Awards Record'. iHeart Radio. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^Sun, Rebecca (January 12, 2016). 'Lady Gaga Exits WME for CAA'. Billboard. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- ^Frankenberg, Eric (February 27, 2019). 'Lady Gaga's Touring Earnings Pass Half-Billion Mark as 'Enigma' Grosses Roll in'. Billboard. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
- ^Caulfield, Keith (September 12, 2010). 'Lady Gaga Is Billboard's 2010 Artist of the Year, Ke$ha Takes Top New Act'. Billboard. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
- ^'Top Artists (Digital Singles)'. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^'Lady Gaga Becomes RIAA's First Female Digital Diamond Award Recipient'. Recording Industry Association of America. May 15, 2014. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
- ^Lynch, Joe (December 1, 2015). 'Lady Gaga Earns Her Second Diamond Single'. Billboard. Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
- ^Trust, Gary (October 2, 2017). 'Ask Billboard: Lady Gaga First Artist With Two 7-Million-Selling Downloads'. Billboard. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
Book sources
- Guinness World Records 2015. Guinness World Records. 2014. ISBN978-1-908843-70-8.
- Allison, Scott T.; Goethals, George R. (2013). Heroic Leadership: An Influence Taxonomy of 100 Exceptional Individuals. Routledge. ISBN978-1-136-23273-2.
- Dicker, Chris (2017). Lady Gaga Biography: The 'Mother Monster' of the Music Industry Revealed. Digital Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-370-41794-0.
- Gray II, Richard J. (2012). The Performance Identities of Lady Gaga: Critical Essays. McFarland & Company. ISBN978-0-7864-9252-7.
- Johnson, Paula (2012). Lady Gaga: A Biography. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-440-80109-9.
- Marsico, Katie (2012). Lady Gaga: Pop Singer & Songwriter. ABDO Publishing Company. ISBN978-1-61478-600-9.
- Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN978-1-4027-8059-2.
- Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN978-0-7407-9795-8.
- Tracy, Kathleen A. (2013). Superstars of the 21st Century: Pop Favorites of America's Teens: Pop Favorites of America's Teens. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-0-313-37737-2.
External links
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of the article 'Lady Gaga' dated 2018-06-17, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Official website
- Lady Gaga at Curlie
- Lady Gaga at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Lady Gaga on IMDb
- Lady Gaga at Rotten Tomatoes
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Gaga&oldid=912871563'
| |
---|---|
Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso(Portuguese) Unidade, Asaun, Progresu(Tetum) (English: 'Unity, Action, Progress') | |
Anthem: 'Pátria'(Portuguese) (English: 'Fatherland') | |
Capital | Dili 8°33′S125°34′E / 8.55°S 125.56°ECoordinates: 8°33′S125°34′E / 8.55°S 125.56°E |
Official languages | Portuguese Tetuma |
National languages | |
Religion (2010[1]) | 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% other religions |
Demonym(s) | East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal)[2][3] |
Government | constitutional republic[4][5][6] |
Francisco Guterres | |
• Prime Minister | Taur Matan Ruak |
Legislature | National Parliament |
Independence | |
• Portuguese Timor | 16th century |
28 November 1975 | |
• Annexation by Indonesia | 17 July 1976 |
25 October 1999 | |
• Independence restored | 20 May 2002 |
Area | |
15,007[7] km2 (5,794 sq mi) (154th) | |
• Water (%) | negligible |
Population | |
1,167,242[8] | |
• Density | 78/km2 (202.0/sq mi) |
GDP(PPP) | 2019 estimate |
$7.221 billion | |
• Per capita | $5,561[9] |
GDP(nominal) | 2019 estimate |
$3.145 billion | |
• Per capita | $2,422[9] |
HDI(2017) | 0.625[10] medium · 132nd |
Currency | United States dollarb (USD) |
Time zone | UTC+9 |
Driving side | left |
Calling code | +670 |
ISO 3166 code | TL |
Internet TLD | .tlc |
|
East Timor (/-ˈtiːmɔːr/(listen)) or Timor-Leste (/tiˈmɔːrˈlɛʃteɪ/; Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste[11] (Portuguese: República Democrática de Timor-Leste,[12]Tetum: Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste),[13] is a country in Maritime Southeast Asia.[14] It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by IndonesianWest Timor. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is about 15,007 km2 (5,794 sq mi).[7]
East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until 28 November 1975, when the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) declared the territory's independence. Nine days later, it was invaded and occupied by the Indonesian military, and was declared as the country's 27th province the following year. The Indonesian occupation of East Timor was characterised by a highly violent, decades-long conflict between separatist groups (especially Fretilin) and the Indonesian military.
In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory. East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on 20 May 2002 and joined the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. In 2011, East Timor announced its intention to become the eleventh member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).[15] It is one of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines, as well as the only Asian country to be located completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
- 2History
- 2.3Colonial era
- 8Demographics
- 9Culture
Etymology[edit]
'Timor' derives from timur, the word for 'east' in Indonesian language, which became recorded as Timor in Portuguese, thus resulting in the tautological toponym meaning 'East East': In Portuguese Timor-Leste (Leste being the word for 'east'); in TetumTimór Lorosa'e (Lorosa'e being the word for 'east' (literally 'rising sun')). In Indonesian, the country is called Timor Timur, thereby using the Portuguese name for the island followed by the word for 'east', as adjectives in Indonesian are put after the noun.
The official names under the Constitution are Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste in English,[16] República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese,[12] and Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste in Tetum.[13]
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) official short form in English and all other languages is Timor-Leste (codes: TLS & TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations,[17] the European Union,[18] and the national standards organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States (ANSI),[19]United Kingdom (BSI), Germany (DIN), and Sweden (SIS), all diplomatic missions to the country by protocol and the CIA World Factbook.[20]
History[edit]
Prehistory[edit]
Humans first settled in East Timor 42,000 years ago.[21] Descendants of at least three waves of migration are believed still to live in East Timor. The first is described by anthropologists as people of the Veddo-Australoid type. Around 3000 BC, a second migration brought Melanesians. The earlier Veddo-Australoid peoples withdrew at this time to the mountainous interior. Finally, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina.[22] Hakka traders are among those descended from this final group.[23] Timorese origin myths tell of ancestors that sailed around the eastern end of Timor arriving on land in the south. Some stories recount Timorese ancestors journeying from the Malay Peninsula or the Minangkabau highlands of Sumatra.[24]Austronesians migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.[citation needed]
Classical era[edit]
Before European colonialism, Timor was included in Chinese and Indian trading networks, and in the 14th century was an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. Since the 1500's, the Timorese people had military ties with the Luções of present-day northern Philippines.[25][26] It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century.[27] During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.[citation needed]
Arms of Portuguese Timor (1935–1975)[28]
Colonial era[edit]
Portuguese period (1769-1975)[edit]
The Portuguese established outposts in Timor and Maluku. Effective European occupation of a small part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded and the colony of Portuguese Timor declared.[29] A definitive border between the Dutch-colonised western half of the island and the Portuguese-colonised eastern half of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration of 1914,[30] and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health, and education. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. As was often the case, Portuguese rule was generally neglectful but exploitative where it existed.[31]
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.[31]
During World War II, first the Allies and later the Japanese occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Waged by East Timorese volunteers and Allied forces against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese.[32] The Japanese eventually drove the last of the Australian and Allied forces out. However, following the end of World War II and Japanese surrender, Portuguese control was reinstated.
Following the 1974 Portuguese revolution, Portugal effectively abandoned its colony on Timor and civil war between East Timorese political parties broke out in 1975.
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) resisted a Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) coup attempt in August 1975,[33] and unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975. Fearing a communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, the Indonesian military launched an invasion of East Timor in December 1975.[34] Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on 17 July 1976.[35] The UN Security Council opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as 'non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration'.[36]
A demonstration for independence from Indonesia held in Australia during September 1999
Indonesian occupation (1975-1999)[edit]
Indonesia's occupation of East Timor was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness, with an estimated figure based on Portuguese, Indonesian and Catholic Church data of approximately 200,000 deaths.[37] The East Timorese guerrilla force (Forças Armadas da Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste, Falintil) fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1998.[citation needed]
José Ramos-Horta, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, second President of East Timor
The 1991 Dili Massacre was a turning point for the independence cause and an East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, the Philippines, Australia, and other Western countries.
Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in June 1998. A clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militia with the support of elements of the Indonesian military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led multi-national peacekeeping force (INTERFET) was deployed until order was restored. On 5 June 1998, the administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET).[38] The INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.[39]
Contemporary era[edit]
Xanana Gusmão, the third East Timorese President.
On 30 August 2001, the East Timorese voted in their first election organised by the UN to elect members of the Constituent Assembly.[16][40] On 22 March 2002, the Constituent Assembly approved the Constitution.[16] By May 2002, over 205,000 refugees had returned.[41] On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN.[40][42] The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament and Xanana Gusmão was sworn in as the country's first President. On 27 September 2002, East Timor was renamed to Timor-Leste, using the Portuguese language, and was admitted as a member state by the UN.[43]
The following year, Gusmão declined another presidential term, and in the build-up to the April 2007 presidential elections there were renewed outbreaks of violence. José Ramos-Horta was elected President in the May 2007 election,[44] while Gusmão ran in the parliamentary elections and became Prime Minister. Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order.[45] In 2006, the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In March 2011, the UN handed over operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities. The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on 31 December 2012.[46]
East Timor became a state party to the UNESCOWorld Heritage Convention on 31 January 2017.[47]
Politics and government[edit]
The head of state of East Timor is the President of the Republic, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although their executive powers are somewhat limited, the President does have the power to appoint the Prime Minister and veto government legislation. Following elections, the President usually appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition as Prime Minister of East Timor and the cabinet on the proposal of the latter. As head of government, the Prime Minister presides over the cabinet.[4][5]
Nicolau Lobato Presidential Palace in Dili.
The National Parliament of East Timor
East Timor's Attorney General's Office
The unicameral East Timorese parliament is the National Parliament or Parlamento Nacional, whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese constitution was modelled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions. Government departments include the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (police), East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration, Civil Aviation Division of Timor-Leste, and Immigration Department of Timor-Leste.[citation needed]
Administrative divisions[edit]
The thirteen municipalities of East Timor
East Timor is divided into thirteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 65 administrative posts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets).[48][49]
South East A
Foreign relations and military[edit]
F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation
East Timor is a full member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language. East Timor sought membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal application was submitted in March 2011.[50]Indonesia and the Philippines support East Timor's bid to join ASEAN.
The Casa Europa in Dili, the European Union's representation in East Timor
Indonesia-East Timor border in Mota'ain
The East Timor Defence Force (Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste, F-FDTL) is the military body responsible for the defence of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units.
The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the National Police of East Timor (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.
The F-FDTL's problems came to a head in 2006 when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.
Demonstration against Australia on December 2013
Since the discovery of petroleum in the Timor Sea in the 1970s, there have been disputes surrounding the rights to ownership and exploitation of the resources situated in a part of the Timor Sea known as the Timor Gap, which is the area of the Timor Sea which lies outside the territorial boundaries of the nations to the north and south of the Timor Sea.[51] These disagreements initially involved Australia and Indonesia, although a resolution was eventually reached in the form of the Timor Gap Treaty. After declaration of East Timor's nationhood in 1999, the terms of the Timor Gap Treaty were abandoned and negotiations commenced between Australia and East Timor, culminating in the Timor Sea Treaty.
Australia's territorial claim extends to the bathymetric axis (the line of greatest sea-bed depth) at the Timor Trough. It overlaps East Timor's own territorial claim, which follows the former colonial power Portugal and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in claiming that the dividing line should be midway between the two countries.
It was revealed in 2013 that the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) planted listening devices to listen to the East Timorese government during negotiations over the Greater Sunrise oil and gasfields. This is known as the Australia–East Timor spying scandal.[52]
Geography[edit]
- Ilha de Jaco, Lautém, East Timor
- Dili Coast
- Matebian, Baucau, Timor-Leste
- Paitchau range, East Timor
- Loi-Huno, Viqueque, East Timor
- Mundo Perdido, Timor-Leste
- Aldeia de Berau, Atauro, East Timor
Located in Southeast Asia,[53] the island of Timor is part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea. The Timor Sea separates the island from Australia to the south, and the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara lies to East Timor's west. The total land size is 14,919 km2 (5,760 sq mi). East Timor has an exclusive economic zone of 70,326 km2 (27,153 sq mi).[54]
Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft).[55] The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital, largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau. East Timor lies between latitudes 8° and 10°S, and longitudes 124° and 128°E.
The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the country's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park.[56] It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.[57] The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk.[58]
Economy[edit]
East Timor export treemap, 2010
Fractional coins 'centavos'
Coffee plantations in Aileu
East Timor has a market economy that used to depend upon exports of a few commodities such as coffee, marble, petroleum, and sandalwood.[59] East Timor's economy grew by about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.[60]
East Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on subsistence farming.[61] Nearly half the population lives in extreme poverty.[61]
The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had reached a worth of US$8.7 billion.[62] East Timor is labelled by the International Monetary Fund as the 'most oil-dependent economy in the world'.[63] The Petroleum Fund pays for nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70 million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012.[62] East-Timor's income from oil and gas stands to significantly increase after its announcement to cancel a controversial agreement with Australia, which has given Australia half of the income from oil and gas since 2006.[64]
Shopping mall in Dili
The economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from foreign donors.[65] Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.[65] After petroleum, the second largest export is coffee, which generates about $10 million a year.[65]Starbucks is a major purchaser of East Timorese coffee.[66]
Port of Dili
9,000 tonnes of coffee, 108 tonnes of cinnamon and 161 tonnes of cocoa were harvested in 2012 making the country the 40th ranked producer of coffee, the 6th ranked producer of cinnamon and the 50th ranked producer of cocoa worldwide.[67]
According to data gathered in the 2010 census, 87.7% of urban (321,043 people) and 18.9% of rural (821,459 people) households have electricity, for an overall average of 38.2%.[68]
The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active population.[69] In 2009, about 67,000 households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor.[69] Currently, the gross margins are about $120 per hectare, with returns per labour-day of about $3.70.[69] There were 11,000 households growing mungbeans as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers.[69]
The country was ranked 169th overall and last in the East Asia and Pacific region by the Doing Business 2013 report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the 'registering property', 'enforcing contracts' and 'resolving insolvency' categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.[70]
As regards telecommunications infrastructure, East Timor is the second to last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), with only Myanmar falling behind it in southeast Asia. NRI is an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. East Timor ranked number 141 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 134 in 2013.[71]
The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to the Australia-bound Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976.[citation needed] The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989.[72] East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence.[citation needed] A provisional agreement (the Timor Sea Treaty, signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia.[73] An agreement in 2005 between the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated at A$26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project)[74] from the Greater Sunrise development.[75] In 2013, East Timor launched a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to pull out of a gas treaty that it had signed with Australia, accusing the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) of bugging the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.[76] East Timor is part of the Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle (TIA-GT).[77]
There are no patent laws in East Timor.[78]
A railway system has been proposed but the current government has yet to approve the proposal due to lack of funds and expertise. If established, the country's economy is projected to have an economic boom similar to that of Japan almost a century ago. The Philippines has noted that if they finally finish their own railway system by 2022, they may send experts and aid to East Timor for its railway ambitions.
Demographics[edit]
An East Timorese in traditional dress
Historical populations | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1980 | 555,350 | — |
1990 | 747,557 | +34.6% |
2001 | 787,340 | +5.3% |
2004 | 923,198 | +17.3% |
2010 | 1,066,582 | +15.5% |
2015 | 1,167,242 | +9.4% |
Source: 2015 census[79] |
Population pyramid
East Timor demographic change between 1861 and 2010.
East Timor recorded a population of 1,167,242 in its 2015 census.[8]
The CIA's World Factbook lists the English-language demonym for East Timor as Timorese,[80] as does the Government of Timor-Leste's website.[81] Other reference sources list it as East Timorese.[82][83]
The word Maubere,[84] formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by Fretilin as a term of pride.[85] Native East Timorese consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian/Papuan descent.[citation needed] The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetum[86] (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the Mambai (80,000), in the central mountains; the Tukudede (63,170), in the area around Maubara and Liquiçá; the Galoli (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and Makasae; the Kemak (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the Baikeno (20,000), in the area around Pante Macassar.[citation needed]
The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the Bunak (84,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the Fataluku (40,000), at the eastern tip of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae (70,000), toward the eastern end of the island.[citation needed] As a result of interracial marriage which was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as mestiços. There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka.[87] Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.[88]
Languages[edit]
Major language groups in East Timor by suco
East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. English and Indonesian are sometimes used.[89] Tetum belongs to the Austronesian family of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia.[90]
The 2010 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 36.6% of the population), Mambai (12.5%), Makasai (9.7%), Tetum Terik (6.0%), Baikenu (5.9%), Kemak (5.9%), Bunak (5.3%), Tokodede (3.7%), and Fataluku (3.6%). Other indigenous languages largely accounted for 10.9%, while Portuguese was spoken natively by the remainder.[91]
Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned, and even criminalized with the death penalty[92] and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.[93] During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing Javanese culture.[94] Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to Lusophone nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.[95]
According to the observatory of the Portuguese language, the East Timorese literacy rate was 77.8% in Tetum, 55.6% in Indonesian, and 39.3% in Portuguese, and that the primary literacy rate increased from 73% in 2009 to 83% in 2012.[92] Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. In 2012, 35% could speak, read, and write Portuguese, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report. Portuguese is recovering as it is now been made the main official language of Timor, and is being taught in most schools.[89][96] It is estimated that English is understood by 31.4% of the population. East Timor is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth) and of the Latin Union.[97]
Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a.[98] According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a.[99]
Education[edit]
Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti, the Portuguese School of Díli.
Google. East Timor's adult literacy rate in 2010 was 58.3%, up from 37.6% in 2001.[100] Illiteracy was at 95% at the end of Portuguese rule.[101]
The National University of East Timor is the country's main university. There are also four colleges.[102]
Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as media of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.[103] Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district. The Philippines has sent Filipino teachers to East Timor to teach English, so that a program between the two countries can begin, where deserving English-knowledgeable East Timorese nationals will be granted university scholarships in the Philippines.[103]
Health[edit]
See Health in East Timor
Religion[edit]
The Church of Santo António de Motael, Dili
According to the 2010 census, 96.9% of the population is Roman Catholic; 2.2% Protestant; 0.3% Muslim; and 0.5% practice some other or no religion.[1] A 2016 survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Survey programme showed that Catholics made up 98.3% of the population, Protestants 1.2%, and Muslims 0.3%.[104]
The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994,[102] with Church membership having grown considerably under Indonesian rule as Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, requires all citizens to believe in one God and does not recognise traditional beliefs. East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutionalmonotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests and Latin and Portuguesemass was replaced by Indonesian mass.[105] While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion.[105][106] In rural areas, Roman Catholicism is syncretized with local animist beliefs.[107] With over 95% Catholic population, East Timor is currently one of the most densely Catholic countries in the world.[108]
Igreja da Imaculada Conceição church, in Viqueque
Lagu Project Ear South East America
The number of Protestants and Muslims declined significantly after September 1999 because these groups were disproportionately represented among supporters of integration with Indonesia and among the Indonesian civil servants assigned to work in the province from other parts of Indonesia, many of whom left the country in 1999.[109] There are also small Protestant and Muslim communities.[109] The Indonesian military forces formerly stationed in the country included a significant number of Protestants, who played a major role in establishing Protestant churches in the territory.[109] Fewer than half of those congregations existed after September 1999, and many Protestants were among those who remained in West Timor.[109] The Assemblies of God is the largest and most active of the Protestant denominations.[109]
BearShare Features • View other users' profiles, photos and music library. Bearshare basic download 2012. • Leave comments about your friends and favorite artists. It runs under Microsoft Windows and comes in several versions, including an advertising supported version, a paid Pro version with no advertisements, and a Lite (stripped down) free version. The advertising-supported version has been criticised in the past for bundling spyware applications as a revenue stream.
While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges 'the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation' in its preamble (although this has no legal value).[110] Upon independence, the country joined the Philippines to become the only two predominantly Roman Catholic states in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as West Timor and Flores also have Roman Catholic majorities.
The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Diocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana, all of which have friendly ties with the hundreds of dioceses in the Philippines.[111]
Culture[edit]
Sacred house (lee teinu) in Lospalos
The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on Timor's indigenousAustronesian and Melanesian cultures. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East Timorese creation myth has it that an aging crocodile transformed into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had helped the crocodile when it was sick.[112][113] As a result, the island is shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese who inhabit it. The phrase 'leaving the crocodile' refers to the pained exile of East Timorese from their island. East Timor is currently finalizing its dossiers needed for nominations in the UNESCOWorld Heritage List, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, UNESCO Creative Cities Network, UNESCO Global Geoparks Network, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Network. The country currently has one document in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, namely, On the Birth of a Nation: Turning points.[114]
Arts[edit]
Traditional Timorese dancers
There is also a strong tradition of poetry in the country.[115] Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet, earning the moniker 'poet warrior'.[116]
Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as uma lulik ('sacred houses') in Tetum and lee teinu ('legged houses') in Fataluku.[citation needed] Craftsmanship and the weaving of traditional scarves (tais) is also widespread.[citation needed]
An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual material is held at the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. These holdings have been identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history and culture of East Timor since the early 20th century.[117] The NFSA is working with the East Timorese government to ensure that all of this material can be used and accessed by the people of that country.[118]
Cinema and TV drama[edit]
In 2009 and 2010, East Timor was the setting for the Australian film Balibo and the South Korean film A Barefoot Dream. In 2013, the first East Timorese feature film, Beatriz's War, was released.[119] Two further feature-length films, Abdul & José and Ema Nudar Umanu, were respectively released on July 30, 2017 through the television network of RTTF[120][121] and on August 16, 2018 at the Melbourne International Film Festival.[122] In 2010, the first East Timorese TV drama, Suku Hali was released.
Cuisine[edit]
The cuisine of East Timor consists of regional popular foods such as pork, fish, basil, tamarind, legumes, corn, rice, root vegetables, and tropical fruit. East Timorese cuisine has influences from Southeast Asian cuisine and from Portuguese dishes from its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former Portuguese colonies can be found due to the centuries-old Portuguese presence on the island. Due to the East and West combination of East Timor's cuisine, it developed features related to Filipino cuisine, which also experienced an East-West culinary combination.
Sports[edit]
Sports organisations joined by East Timor include the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the International Badminton Federation (IBF), the Union Cycliste Internationale, the International Weightlifting Federation, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), and East Timor's national football team joined FIFA. East Timorese athletes competed in the 2003 Southeast Asian Games held 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN Paralympics Games, East Timor won a bronze medal. In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, East Timorese athletes participated in athletics, weightlifting and boxing. East Timor won three medals in Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. East Timor competed in the firstLusophony Games and, in October 2008, the country earned its first international points in a FIFA football match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.[123] East Timor competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Thomas Americo was the first East Timorese fighter to fight for a world boxing title. He was murdered in 1999, shortly before the Indonesian occupation of East Timor ended.[124]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- Rudolph, Joseph R. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101–106.
- Shelton, Dinah. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Thompson Gale.
- Taylor, John G. (1999). East Timor: The Price of Freedom. Australia: Pluto Press. ISBN978-1-85649-840-1.
- Viegas, Susana de Matos; Feijó, Rui Graça, eds. (2017). Transformations in Independent Timor-Leste: Dynamics of Social and Cultural Cohabitations. London: Routledge. ISBN9781315534992.
- East Timor: a bibliography, a bibliographic reference, Jean A. Berlie, launched by PM Xanana Gusmão, Indes Savantes editor, Paris, France, published in 2001. ISBN978-2-84654-012-4, ISBN978-2-84654-012-4.
- East Timor, politics and elections (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望, Jean A. Berlie, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007.
- Mats Lundahl and Fredrik Sjöholm. 2019. The Creation of the East Timorese Economy. Springer.
South East Trains
External links[edit]
Government
General information
- 'Timor-Leste'. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- East Timor from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Timor-Leste at Curlie
- East Timor at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Key Development Forecasts for Timor-Leste from International Futures
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